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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.lithiumfrontiers.com/about-the-project</loc>
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    <lastmod>2022-06-22</lastmod>
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      <image:title>About the Project - The dark side of the renewable energy transition</image:title>
      <image:caption>Currently, increasing demand for copper, cobalt, lithium, and other transition metals is displacing and degrading some of the world’s most vulnerable populations and regions. Calls have been made for better regulation and “sustainable mining,” but the hidden costs of renewable energy technologies remain unregulated and unresolved.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6216486668f21e0e4d900b2f/a91f166d-a9eb-41c2-be85-9c252109c717/Screen+Shot+2022-05-16+at+8.08.06+AM.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>About the Project - The Lithium Triangle</image:title>
      <image:caption>Argentina: Salt flats: Salar Hombre Muerto Salar Olaroz Salar Cauchari Salinas Grandes Bolivia: Uyuni Salt Flat Chile: Maricunga Copiapó</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6216486668f21e0e4d900b2f/706ae324-c019-4009-8421-c6acf3af6bf8/Screen+Shot+2022-05-16+at+8.12.12+AM.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>About the Project - Australia</image:title>
      <image:caption>Carlindi Camp Greenbushes Mount Marion Shire of Yilgarn Southern Cross Wodgina Mine</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6216486668f21e0e4d900b2f/00517805-0133-47b5-a25b-09db615af29c/Screen+Shot+2022-05-16+at+8.14.21+AM.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>About the Project - Canada</image:title>
      <image:caption>Leduc Reservoir Red Lake Whabouchi Mine / Nord-du-Québec Abitibi-Témiscamingue</image:caption>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.lithiumfrontiers.com/team</loc>
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    <lastmod>2026-03-20</lastmod>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6216486668f21e0e4d900b2f/9b754156-3718-4280-9c8c-0262dc059351/Screen+Shot+2022-05-05+at+2.39.38+PM.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Team - Dr. Craig Johnson, PhD</image:title>
      <image:caption>Principal Investigator Craig Johnson is a Professor of Political Science at the University of Guelph. He holds a Ph.D. from the London School of Economics. His research interests lie in the field of global environmental politics. Previous work has focused on city climate politics, rural-urban resource conflicts in South and Southeast Asia, and Indigenous, extractive and environmental politics in Ecuador. Contact</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6216486668f21e0e4d900b2f/3b57df1c-f4bf-45fe-ab76-e1b4873cfeb2/2015-02-05-Munk-One%252BClass%252B%25252828%252529.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Team - Dr. Teresa Kramarz, PhD</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tobias Keene, D.D.S. Hailing from Richmond, Virginia, Dr. Tobias Keene brings a bit of unabashed Southern hospitality to all his patients. He moved to Washington, D.C. over thirty years ago as a freshman at Ivy College. Right after graduation, he attended World University’s School of Dentistry. Before opening Keene Dental in 1994, he worked for free clinics and some of the finest practices in the District. He is part of the 123 Dental Association and stays up-to-date on the latest dental discoveries. When not striving to keep his patients happy and healthy, he’s enjoys hiking with his family in Rock Creek Park.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6216486668f21e0e4d900b2f/c93be3c2-608c-448f-8e3d-323aac4e363e/kingsbury+headshot.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Team - Dr. Donald Kingsbury, PhD</image:title>
      <image:caption>Co-Investigator Donald Kingsbury is an Assistant Professor of Latin American Politics, Extractivism and Political Ecology at the University of Toronto. He holds a Ph.D. from the University of California, Santa Cruz. His research interests lie in the field of Latin American politics, with a focus on extractivism and decarbonization. Contact</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6216486668f21e0e4d900b2f/b82373e1-b712-419c-91c9-a2c375183000/javiera-barandarian-uc-santa-barbara-current.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Team - Dr. Javiera Barandiarán, PhD</image:title>
      <image:caption>Collaborator Javiera Barandiarán is an Associate Professor of Global Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She received her Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley. Her research interests focus on environmental politics through the lens of development, state institutions, science and experts. Contact</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6216486668f21e0e4d900b2f/6a540264-1d8d-430d-9f46-154a4f2885af/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_180b5.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Team - Dr. Susan Park, Ph.D</image:title>
      <image:caption>Collaborator Susan Park is a Professor of Global Governance at the University of Sydney. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Sydney. Her research interests include global environmental politics, international relations and international organizations. Contact</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6216486668f21e0e4d900b2f/80447ac9-ad8f-4c39-b7cc-61c3a128a3bc/Clavijo+headshot.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Team - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6216486668f21e0e4d900b2f/d65d9991-3042-44ce-b5d9-88570b8564f0/MUZ+Photo1.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Team - Macarena Urrets-Zavalia</image:title>
      <image:caption>Graduate Research Assistant Macarena Urrets-Zavalia completed her MA in Political Science and International Development Studies at the University of Guelph in 2023. Her dissertation explored the reporting and accountability mechanisms of lithium extraction companies in Argentina. Contact</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6216486668f21e0e4d900b2f/2f9cd8dc-9195-46c8-84d1-2fffa9fa3521/IMG_1459.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Team - Amalie Wilkinson</image:title>
      <image:caption>Undergraduate Research Assistant Amalie Wilkinson is an undergraduate student of International Relations and Peace, Conflict &amp; Justice Studies at the University of Toronto. She works on the dynamics of lithium extraction primarily in Canada, as an emerging jurisdiction. She is a recipient of the Climate Positive Energy Summer Undergraduate Research Program award. Contact</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6216486668f21e0e4d900b2f/fdd275f7-91da-4ae0-98fc-b944a3cf4a05/Sikandar.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Team - Muhammad Sikandar Ali Chaudary</image:title>
      <image:caption>Doctoral researcher Muhammad Sikandar Ali Chaudary is a Ph.D. scholar at the University of Sydney in Australia. His research explores the “dark side” of the transition towards a low-carbon energy future, particularly examining the political and socio-ecological implications of lithium extraction in Western Australia. Sikandar holds an undergraduate degree in Journalism from Northwestern University in the United States and a Master’s degree in Public Policy from Hamad Bin Khalifa University in Qatar. Contact: mras0352@uni.sydney.edu.au</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
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      <image:title>Team - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6216486668f21e0e4d900b2f/94a03b57-3ed9-4b8a-8cb1-2b5d18315177/Nushy+Headshot.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Team - Nushy Golriz Doctoral Researcher</image:title>
      <image:caption>Nushy Golriz is a Ph.D. Candidate in the Department of Geography at the University of California, Los Angeles under the co-advisorship of Dr. Helga Leitner and Dr. Shaina Potts. Her dissertation research examines Chile’s shifting legal institutional landscape of environmental governance since 2010 and how this is reconfiguring who participates and benefits within the restructuring of lithium governance in Chile. She also seeks to develop mixed-methods legal geographies through analyzing the politics of scientific knowledge production within lithium court cases and implementing critical remote sensing to triangulate this evidence.  Contact: mgolriz@ucla.edu</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6216486668f21e0e4d900b2f/7654e168-ff18-4ae5-bab3-d9a2a815d2f8/Miriam.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Team - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6216486668f21e0e4d900b2f/76f6bf66-d511-407a-8bd1-eca49608224a/Faris.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Team - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.lithiumfrontiers.com/research</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2026-03-20</lastmod>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6216486668f21e0e4d900b2f/d20e3b82-6cab-40de-9bf2-7956a044613d/48757892636_cf0db074ac_3k.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research</image:title>
      <image:caption>Kramarz, T., &amp; Kingsbury, D. V. (2022). "Climate action and populism of the left in Ecuador. " Environmental Politics.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6216486668f21e0e4d900b2f/df646ae4-bfdf-4672-8095-8994d90a5d5c/Salar_de_Atacama%2C_Chile_ESA386674.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research</image:title>
      <image:caption>Kingsbury, D. V. (2022). "Energy transitions in the shadow of a dictator: Decarbonizing neoliberalism and lithium extraction in Chile." The Anthropocene Review.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6216486668f21e0e4d900b2f/b2bb60c7-1ff4-43a5-8e97-6630b443eaa8/37926739616_bedf8d0f42_b.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research</image:title>
      <image:caption>Blair, J. J. A., Balcázar, R. M., Barandiarán, J., &amp; Maxwell, A. (2022). "Exhausted: How We Can Stop Lithium Mining From Depleting Water Resources, Draining Wetlands, and Harming Communities in South America." Natural Resources Defense Council.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6216486668f21e0e4d900b2f/4d5210a8-bb2f-4843-8510-fab6985c2ca6/acid-lake-g5ca417faa_1920.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research</image:title>
      <image:caption>Kramarz, T., Mason, M., &amp; Partzsch, L. (2022). "Proxy-led accountability for natural resource extraction in rentier states." Environmental Politics.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6216486668f21e0e4d900b2f/48770ed5-be02-4ac7-8c68-b68f32702584/Lithium_Mining_at_Salar_del_Hombre_Muerto%2C_Argentina.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research</image:title>
      <image:caption>Park, S. (2022). "The role of the Sovereign state in 21st century environmental disasters." Environmental Politics.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6216486668f21e0e4d900b2f/1729194115138-OU8UI361XBY1Q1MB8KD5/unsplash-image-0DUxxHkRucs.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research</image:title>
      <image:caption>Kramarz T. (2022) "The Green Energy Transition Has an Extractivism Problem" World Politics Review</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6216486668f21e0e4d900b2f/1729196378871-ZB14BIRIOKO3JABOETB2/unsplash-image-8Gl03J49s5Q.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research</image:title>
      <image:caption>Kramarz T. (2021) "Extractive industry disasters and community responses: a typology of vulnerable subjects" Environmental Politics</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.lithiumfrontiers.com/related-projects</loc>
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    <lastmod>2022-05-09</lastmod>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.lithiumfrontiers.com/partners-funding</loc>
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    <lastmod>2022-05-10</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Partners &amp; Funding</image:title>
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      <image:title>Partners &amp; Funding</image:title>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6216486668f21e0e4d900b2f/deef50e1-c47f-493b-9c41-756479845fc7/University_of_Toronto-Logo.wine.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Partners &amp; Funding</image:title>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.lithiumfrontiers.com/contact</loc>
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    <lastmod>2022-05-10</lastmod>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.lithiumfrontiers.com/media</loc>
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    <lastmod>2026-03-20</lastmod>
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